ch1 (Evs ctet preparation by ncert ) Anjali sharma notes
•male insects can recognise their females by their smell.
•Mosquitoes can find you by the smell of your body. They also find you by the smell of the sole of your feet and the heat of your body.
•silkworm find female worm from many kilometres away by her smell
•Most of the birds have their eyes on either side of the head. Their eyes can focus on two different things at a time. When they look straight ahead, both their eyes focus on the same object.Most of the birds' eyes are fixed and cannot move. So birds have to turn their heads to look around.
•When a bird focuses both eyes on an object, it can estimate the distance. When its eyes focus on two different things, it increases its range of vision
•Some birds like kites, eagles, vultures can see four times as far as we can. These birds can see things from a distance of eight metres what we can see from a distance of two metres.
•snakes only feel the vibrations on the ground.
•The langur does this by making a special warning call.
•Fishes give alarm calls by electric signals.
•It looks like a bear but is not. It is a sloth. It spends almost 17 hours a day sleeping while hanging upside down on a tree branch. The sloth eats the leaves of the same tree on which it lives. It hardly needs anything else. When it has eaten enough leaves from that tree, it moves to the nearby tree. Sloths live for about 40 years and in that time they move around only eight trees. Once a week it comes down from the tree to relieve itself.
•sleeping time € cow 4 hr, python 18 hr, giraffe 2hr, cat 12 hr.
•A tiger can see 6 times better than us. its roar can be heard upto 3 km away. they mark their area by urine. The tiger is one of the most alert animals
•Elephants are killed for their tusks, rhinoceros for its horn, tigers, crocodiles and snakes for their skins. Musk deer are killed just to make a little scent from its musk. People who kill animals are called hunters and poachers.
•Jim Corbett National Park in Uttrakhand and ‘Ghana’ in Bharatpur district of Rajasthan. In these areas nobody can hunt animals or destroy the jungle.
ch2
•kalbeliyas can make snakes dance by playing the been.
•NAAG GUMPHAN Designs of this kind are used in rangoli, embroidery and as wall decoration in Saurashtra, Gujarat and South India
•Been, tumba, khanjiri and dhol. Except dhol all the other three instruments are made from dried gourd (lauki)
•snakes are friends of the farmers. They eat the rats in the fields, otherwise rats would eat the crops.
•four types of snakes are poisonous. They are: Cobra, Common Krait, Russel’s Viper (Duboiya), Saw-scaled Viper (Afai). A snake has two hollow teeth (fangs). When it bites, the poison enters the person's body through the fangs. There is a medicine for snake bites. The medicine is made from the snake's poison and is available in all government hospitals.
ch3
• we should chew our food 32 times
ch4
•mamidi tandra (aam papad) in andhra pradesh. added the jaggery and sugar in equal amounts for this(. 4 weeks needed )
ch5
•When we split a whole masoor, we get a masoor dal, but after splitting the sprouting capacity of the masoor is lost.
•plants which trap and eat frogs, insects and even mice. The Pitcher plant (Nepenthese) is one such plant. It is found in Australia, Indonesia and Meghalaya in India. It has a pitcher-like shape and the mouth is covered by a leaf. The plant has a special smell that attracts insects to it.
•In 1948, George Mestral gave the idea of making Velcro. He made a material with similar tiny hooks that would stick. Velcro is used to stick together many things – clothes, shoes, bags, belts and many more.
•chillies were brought to India by traders coming from South America.
•From South America long ago, came a tomato, a potato, and a green chilli. A cabbage came from Europe, and also a pea. From Africa came a coffee bean, and a green bhindi.Bhindi is also called okra, and methi is called fenugreek.
ch 6
•Sar means a lake. King Ghadsi of Jaisalmer got it made 650 years ago with the help of the people. All around the lake there are ghats with steps leading to the water, decorated verandahs, large halls, rooms and much more.
•Al Biruni from Uzbekistan wrote on ponds in India.(kitab ul hind)
•Lakes and johads were made to collect water.
•(Darki Mai from alwar rajasthan) the people from the group and the village decided to make a lake. The problem of food and water for animals is now less. People get more milk
ch7
•The saltiest of all is the Dead Sea.like 300 grams of salt in one litre of water.
•Dandi March incident took place in 1930, before India became independent. For many years the British had made a law that did not allow people to make salt themselves. They had also put a heavy tax on salt. By this law people could not make salt even for use at home. “ Gandhiji, with several other people, went on a yatra (long walk) from Ahmedabad to the Dandi seashore in Gujarat, to protest against this law. The sea water is collected in shallow beds dug in the sand. Water is allowed to dry in the sun. After the water dries the salt remains on the ground.
ch8
•Malaria spreads through female mosquitoes •From early times, the dried and powdered bark of the Cinchona tree was used to make medicine for malaria. Earlier people used to boil the bark powder and strain the water
•Don’t let water collect around your house. Fill up the pits. Keep the water pots, coolers and tanks clean. They should be dried every week. Use mosquito nets to protect yourself. Spray kerosene if water has collected at some place
•These had come out of the eggs which mosquitoes lay in water. They are called larvae
•something green around the taps in our school which is called algae. Due to algae (a kind of plant) it had also become slippery there. The algae spreads a lot during the rainy season
•In December 1902, Ronald Ross got the highest award for his discovery—the Nobel Prize for medicine. In 1905, even as he lay dying,
ch9
•Bachhendri Pal (24 may 1954)grew up in Nakuri village in the Garhwal area of Uttarakhand. When she grew older, she joined the Nehru Institute of Mountaineering, Uttarkashi. Her guide was Brigadier Gyan Singh. In 1984, Bachhendri was selected as a team member to climb Mount Everest(8849mt).There were seven women in that 18 member team. On the night of 15th May the team was very tired after having reached a height of 7300 metres. It was seven minutes past one o’clock in the afternoon of 23th May when Bachhendri Pal stepped onto the peak of 8900 metre high Mount Everest also called Sagarmatha in Nepal. There was another team member with her. There was no space for two people to stand on the top at the same time. One slip and they would fall straight down-thousands of feet below! She spent 43 minutes on the highest peak in the world. Bachhendri Pal became the first Indian woman and the fifth woman in the world to reach the peak of Mount Everest.
ch10
•golconda fort(telangana hyderabad) round shape walls are called bestians or Burj
•The outer wall of this fort has 87 bastions. Thick walls, a huge gate and so many bastions!.
•It was written outside that Qutubshahi Sultans ruled here one after another, from 1518-1687.Much before that, in 1200, this fort was made of mud and different rulers lived here.
•Sultan Abul Hassan is fond of music and Kuchipudi dance.”
•Mashak(leather bag)
•Aurangzeb attacked it.(in 1687)
•Golconda was the principal capital of the Qutub Shahi kings.
• abul Hassan was the last ruler of Golconda
ch11
•sunita william (American astronaut 19 Sept 1965)has spent more than six months in space.
•lower part of globe is Argentina and Brazil
•The Earth is Round by Isaac Asimov (Longman). This book talks about the way people in different cultures have been thinking about the concept of earth over centuries.Sunita Williams went 360 kilometres away from the earth, in the spaceship.
•Neil Armstrong landing on the moon. In 1969, Neil Armstrong was the first man to walk on the moon.In 2007 Sunita Williams set a new record for the longest space flight by a woman.
•She landed in Kazakhstan on November 18, 2012, after spending 127 days in space. She got Padma Bhushan on 25 June 2008.
ch12
•Adalaj stepwell (baoli), about eighteen kilometres from Ahmedabad.
ch13
•leh ladakh cold desert (high ,dry flat)
•there is the white houses
jule, jule’, meaning ‘welcome, welcome’
•The house was made of stones which were kept one over the other. The walls were coated with a thick layer of mud and lime. The house looked like a shed from inside with a lot of hay
•the ground floor had no windows. Thick tree trunks were used to make the roof strong.
•the rocky plains of ‘Changthang’. This place is at a height of almost 5000 metres. It is so high that it is difficult to breathe normally.
•Changpa – a tribe living on the mountains. The Changpa tribe has only about 5000 people. The Changpas are always on the move with their goats and sheep. It is from these that they get all that they need – milk, meat, skin for tents and wool for coats and sweaters. Their goats are their only treasure. If a family has more animals it is considered more rich and important. From these special goats they get wool for making the world famous pashmina wool. The Changpa graze their goats at higher and colder places so that the goats have more and softer hair (fur). They stay high up on these mountains in very difficult conditions because that is where these goats can live. This is their life and their livelihood.
•big cone-shaped tent. They call their tent Rebo
•Changpa ‘changthang’ means a place where very few people live
•pashmina shawl is as warm as six sweaters! It is very thin yet very warm. The goats from which the soft pashmina wool is collected, are found on very high altitudes of 5000 metres. In winter, the temperature here drops below 0°C (–40°C). A coat of warm hair grows on the goat’s body which protects it from extreme cold. The goats shed some of their hair (fur) in summer. This hair is so fine that six of these would be as thick as one hair of yours! The fine hair cannot be woven on machines and so weavers of Kashmir make these shawls by hand. This is a long and difficult process. After almost 250 hours of weaving, one plain pashmina shawl is made.
•The wind blows at 70 kilometres per hour.
•The walls of a lekha are made with stones. Each family puts a special mark on their own animals. The women and young girls count and take the animals out of the lekha.(Near the Rebo there was a place to keep sheep and goats. Changpas call lekha)
•Houseboats can be as long as 80 feet and around 8 to 9 feet wide.
•Many families in Srinagar live in a ‘donga’. These boats can be seen in Dal Lake and Jhelum river. From inside the ‘donga’ is just like a house with different rooms.
•Beautiful carving on wood can be seen on the ceiling of houseboats and some big houses. This design is called ‘khatamband’, which has a pattern that look like a jigsaw puzzle.
•In villages of Kashmir, houses are made from stones cut and kept one on top of the other and coated with mud. Wood is also used. The houses have sloping roofs.
•Some old houses have a special type of window which comes out of the wall. This is called ‘dab’. It has beautiful wood pattern
•The old houses here are made of stone, bricks and wood. The doors and windows have beautiful arches (mehraab).
ch14
•Ahmedabad, January 26, 2001 At least a thousand people are feared dead in the earthquake that struck Gujarat this morning. Many thousands have been injured. Army jawans have been called in to help. At least a hundred and fifty buildings have fallen in the city of Ahmedabad. In these, there are a dozen multi-storeyed buildings. By this evening, around 250 bodies had been removed from these buildings.
ch15
•written by Dr. Zakir Hussain, former President of India.[blow hot blow cold]
ch19
• vangam in Gujarat famous for vegetables and grain.
•Good seeds were stored in dried gourd (lauki) which was coated with mud.neem leaves to protect us from insects.
•undhiya (a kind of stew). All the vegetables were put into a clay pot, along with fresh spices. The pot was sealed and kept between hot coals. The vegetables cooked slowly in this special cooker, on the fields
•pot was placed upside down! That is why the dish was called undhiya or “upside down” in Gujarati. Undhiya would be eaten with bajra rotis, freshly cooked on the chulha.
•The earthworms soften the soil as they keep digging underneath to make tunnels. This way air and water can easily get into the soil. The earthworms also eat the dead leaves and plants, and their droppings fertilise the soil.
ch20
•Suryamani’s (language kuduk, school bishanpur)story is a true story. Suryamani is a ‘Girl Star’. ‘Girl Stars’ is a project which tells extraordinary tales of ordinary girls, who have changed their lives by going to school.
•Suryamani studied hard and passed her B.A. after getting a scholarship. She was the first girl in the village to do this. While she was in college she met Vasavi didi, a journalist. Suryamani soon joined her to work for the Jharkhand Jungle Bachao Andolan (Movement to Save the Forests of Jharkhand).
•Suryamani was 21 when she opened a centre, with the help of Vasavi didi and others. She called it ‘Torang’, which means jungle in the Kuduk language. Suryamani wanted that on festivals people should sing their own songs. They should not forget their music and should enjoy wearing their traditional clothes. Children should also learn about herbs, medicines, and the art of making things from bamboo.
•Right to Forest Act 2007 People who have been living in the forests for at least 25 years, have a right over the forest land and what is grown on it. They should not be removed from the forest. The work of protecting the forest should be done by their Gram Sabha.
•Jhoom farming is very interesting. After cutting one crop, the land is left as it is for some years. Nothing is grown there. The bamboo or weeds which grow on that land are not pulled out. They are cut and burnt. The ash makes the land fertile. While burning, care is taken so that the fire does not spread to the other parts of the forest. When the land is ready for farming it is lightly dug up, not ploughed. Seeds are dropped on it. In one farm different types of crops like maize, vegetables, chillies, rice can be grown. Weeds and other unwanted plants are also not pulled out, they are just cut. So that they get mixed with the soil. This also helps in making the soil fertile. If some family is not able to do farming on time, others help them and are given food.
•They do their special ‘cheraw’ dance. In this dance people sit in pairs in front of each other, holding bamboo sticks on the ground. As the drum beats, the bamboos are beaten to the ground
main crop _ rice
ch21
Gregor Mendel was born in a poor farmer’s family in Austria in 1822. He was very fond of studies but the very thought of examinations made him nervous (Oh! you too feel the same!). He did not have money to study at the University so he thought of becoming a ‘monk’ in a monastery. He thought from there he would be sent to study further. Which he was. But to become a science teacher he had to take an exam. Oh no! he got so nervous that he kept running away from the exam, and kept failing! But he did not stop doing experiments. For seven years he did experiments on 28,000 plants in the garden of the monastery. He worked hard, collected many observations, and made a new discovery! Something which scientists at that time could not even understand! They understood it many years after his death, when other scientists did such experiments and read what Mendel had already written. What did Mendel find in those plants? He found that the pea plant has some traits which come in pairs. Like the seed is either rough or smooth. It is either yellow or green, and the height of the plant is either tall or short. Nothing in between. The next generation (the children) of a plant which has either rough or smooth seeds will also have seeds which are rough or smooth. There is no seed which is mixed– a bit smooth and a bit rough. He found the same with colour. Seeds which are either green or yellow give rise to new seeds which are either green or yellow. The next generation does not have seeds with a mixed new colour made from both green and yellow. Mendel showed that in the next generation of pea plants there will be more plants having yellow seeds. He also showed that the next generation will have more plants with smooth seeds. What a discovery!
ch22
•puranpoli (sweet rotis made from jaggery and gram
•mukadam gives the details of the loan taken by each family.
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